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Reflections on Behaviorism and Society (Century psychology series), by B. F. Skinner
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Exploring the role of individual behavior in society, Skinner addresses Democracy, Science, Ethics, Humanism, Freedom, and other relevant topics.
- Sales Rank: #547565 in Books
- Published on: 1978-06
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.32" h x 4.50" w x .34" l,
- Binding: Hardcover
- 209 pages
- Democracy
- Freedom
- Behavior
- Science
- Social Behavior
Most helpful customer reviews
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
this book has been haunting me for 38 years
By Randy
I like the book because the author is unabashedly direct and honest in his convictions. That's what makes me dislike the thing with equal passion.
I first read Reflections on Behaviorism and Society in 1978, the year it was published. I was working as a correctional officer at a state prison and a fellow officer gave it to me to read. He thought I would find it “interesting”. I was twenty-six years old. I have no “formal education,” meaning I never went to college to study psychology or anything else. The stuff of daily life wasn’t an “experiment” to be observed, analyzed, and subsequently explained in terms of “academic theory” but rather to be lived. I was, essentially, and remain, of course, a rat in a maze. That should not suggest, however, that working men and women do not try to make sense of, things, look for answers behind the “why” that drives everything. That I might be a bit more “preoccupied” with this than many others should hint as to why the officer lent me the book in the first place. The irony of reading a book about “behavioral conditioning” that includes studies of rats in mazes while working as a prison guard should not go unnoticed.
So what drives everything is, of course, human behavior. And that same human behavior is inexorably tied to man’s physical environment. The rat in the maze has intelligence enough to know that he is in a maze. He is also intelligent enough to know that that maze has been built by other rats. That rat behavior is greatly “conditioned” by the physical reality of the maze is, I would think, a self-evident fact. Then again, rats, especially of the human variety, seem to overlook the obvious. Stating it as clearly as the author does hurts nothing.
So I read that book in ’78, my first real introduction into this specific context and consideration of human conduct and behavior. I have never forgotten how terrified I was to learn that there are really people who believe, and believe in, the ideas and potential methodologies the author wrote. It did, however, open my eyes as never before to just how much so much of my life, my own “choices and actions,” were the result of a maze constructed to control and dictate those choices and actions.
The years have passed and though I quit working in that prison before the end of ’78, I continue to watch my fellow rats in all the mazes in which we find ourselves. The rats have remained essentially the same but the maze changes constantly. I recently (August ’16) bought this book again—a near-perfect copy of the ’78 edition—simply to re-read it, hoping I had missed something, overlooked something, misunderstood something. Nope. It is as chilling in 2016 as it was in 1978.
The author has little problem with what seems to be one of Man’s oldest dreams, the creation of a perfect maze where all the rats will be happy. Men who scoff at Religions’ ideas of “heaven” seem to have little problem with the vision of a “Utopia” created by Man. The maze itself would be simple by design but there remains that damnable problem of behavior.
From the text itself:
“The problem is human behavior. How can people be induced to take the future into account? That is a question to which, I think, an analysis of behavior is relevant.”
“…the problem is to get people to act as if [emphasis in original] they were thinking about the future. All we can change are the circumstances in which people live, and we want to change them in such a way that people will behave differently. We are on safer and more promising ground if we stick to behavior.”
The author’s tacit admission is that most people are, to put it bluntly, too stupid to do the right thing, the “better” thing. Five thousand years of recorded human history suggests he is not wrong. He therefore has no interest in appealing to either their intellect or emotions. One day spent in the maze of daily life is all the confirmation needed to know that those who build and run the maze don’t give one damn about what the rats think or how they feel.
But the author and those who agree with his visions seem to begin with the presumption that all rats are equal, that the imposition and removal of “reinforcers” will eventually end with all rats exhibiting the same desired conduct and behavior. There remains, however, another self-evident fact that the author seems to have deliberately, and I think most conveniently, omitted: It is one thing to talk about human behavior in relationship to the maze but also driving that human behavior is a pesky little thing called human nature.
Putting aside any and all possible considerations of human nature in any and all possible contexts—dualities such as “good” and “evil” come to mind, as an example—human nature is, if nothing else, defined by the conflict between intellect and emotion, reason and passion, logic and intuition, and thought and feelings. Men think one thing. They feel another. And no maze can be constructed that will resolve that inner conflict. The real conflict, therefore, is not between and among the rats and the maze in which they find themselves, but rather the conflict that is this duality of their very nature.
I cannot, of course, claim to know the author’s motives and intentions. His is the stated certainty, however, that given just the right “reinforcers” entrusted to the “right” rats, the “better” rats, all the other rats will, in time, come to be “equal” in their behavior. The vision is the absence of conflict between and among the rats, i.e., happy rats. At the end of the day, however, this has far less to do with any noble and possibly altruistic notions of love and compassion for the rats in the maze but rather everything to do with the one being in control.
Again, from the text:
“Behavior modification is just the technology we need to promote the face-to-face control of people, by people, and for people and thus to reduce the scope of the centralized institutions of government and economics.”
The prison where I worked in ’78 is a “social experiment” in “controlled behavior”. The world suggested by the author is also a prison, just one minus the bars. It still has guards to control the inmates. The author simply wants to be the warden.
All protestations to the contrary, the author isn’t out to “control behavior” but rather change human nature. That takes him from being idealist (create Utopia) to the caricature of a mad scientist creating Frankenstein’s monster to playing God. Eden, of course, as fact or fiction, is always a failed experiment. Men, of course, hold God responsible when it is a literal Eden in question. Mazes built by men to control rats, however, never hold themselves responsible but always blame the rats.
Mine has been a lifetime of watching the author’s visions (and those who agree with him) be put into practice. It, too, is a failed experiment. The maze keeps being redesigned and rat behavior is increasingly controlled at blinding speeds and yet the rats are angrier and far less happy than I have ever known them to be. And at the end of the day, it always reduces to that pesky rat/human nature and the simple fact that one bunch of rats/humans are convinced of their superiority over the rest of the rats/humans and they should be in control of everything.
The author should have spent less time studying rats in mazes and more watching gerbils on a wheel. He might would have had a much better understanding of both human behavior and human nature.
So yes, I recommend the book. Then again, it seems this particular title has not been re-published since '78. The subject seems to be one that quickly and easily divides people into those who disagree with those who agree. I agree with many of his observations and conclusions about people, society, and human conduct and behavior. I could not disagree more vehemently with his "vision" of how and why to build a better maze in the hopes of having better and happier rats.
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